Ac current pre-charge write-assist in orthogonal stt-mram

ABSTRACT

Methods and structures useful for magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) are disclosed. The MRAM device has a magnetic tunnel junction stack having a significantly improved performance of the free layer in the magnetic tunnel junction structure. The MRAM device utilizes an in-plane polarization magnetic layer and a perpendicular MTJ in conjugation with a alternating current precharge and a programming current pulse that comprises an alternating perturbation frequency and a direct current.

FIELD

The present patent document relates generally to spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory and, more particularly, to a magnetic tunnel junction stack having improved performance of the free layer in the magnetic tunnel junction structure.

BACKGROUND

Magnetoresistive random-access memory (“MRAM”) is a non-volatile memory technology that stores data through magnetic storage elements. These elements are two ferromagnetic plates or electrodes that can hold a magnetic field and are separated by a non-magnetic material, such as a non-magnetic metal or insulator. In general, one of the plates has its magnetization pinned (i.e., a “reference layer”), meaning that this layer has a higher coercivity than the other layer and requires a larger magnetic field or spin-polarized current to change the orientation of its magnetization. The second plate is typically referred to as the free layer and its magnetization direction can be changed by a smaller magnetic field or spin-polarized current relative to the reference layer.

MRAM devices store information by changing the orientation of the magnetization of the free layer. In particular, based on whether the free layer is in a parallel or anti-parallel alignment relative to the reference layer, either a “1” or a “0” can be stored in each MRAM cell. Due to the spin-polarized electron tunneling effect, the electrical resistance of the cell changes due to the orientation of the magnetic fields of the two layers. The cell's resistance will be different for the parallel and anti-parallel states and thus the cell's resistance can be used to distinguish between a “1” and a “0”. One important feature of MRAM devices is that they are non-volatile memory devices, since they maintain the information even when the power is off. The two plates can be sub-micron in lateral size and the magnetization direction can still be stable with respect to thermal fluctuations.

Spin transfer torque or spin transfer switching, uses spin-aligned (“polarized”) electrons to change the magnetization orientation of the free layer in the magnetic tunnel junction (“MTJ”). In general, electrons possess a spin, a quantized number of angular momentum intrinsic to the electron. An electrical current is generally unpolarized, i.e., it consists of 50% spin up and 50% spin down electrons. Passing a current though a magnetic layer polarizes electrons with the spin orientation corresponding to the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer thus produces a spin-polarized current. If a spin-polarized current is passed to the magnetic region of a free layer in the MTJ device, the electrons will transfer a portion of their spin-angular momentum to the magnetization layer to produce a torque on the magnetization of the free layer. Thus, this spin transfer torque can switch the magnetization of the free layer, which, in effect, writes either a “1” or a “0” based on whether the free layer is in the parallel or anti-parallel states relative to the reference layer.

When a current is passed through a magnetic layer (e.g., a polarizer), the spin orientation of the electrons that flow out of the magnetic layer is generally aligned in the direction of the magnetization of the magnetic layer and will exert a spin-transfer torque in that direction (forming a transverse spin current) upon impinging on another magnetic layer. However, due to the conservation of angular moment for the system, the electrons on the opposite side of the magnetic layer, those that do not go through the magnetic layer, generally have a spin orientation that is aligned in the direction that is anti-parallel to the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer. The net effect of this process is that the current applied to the magnetic layer undergoes spin filtering, which creates a spin current on one side of the magnetic layer, with spins that are aligned with magnetization direction of the magnetic layer, and a reflected spin current on the other side of the magnetic layer, with spins that are anti-parallel to the magnetization direction of the magnetic layer. This effect occurs upon application of a current to any magnetic layer, including an in-plane polarization layer or an out-of-plane reference magnetic layer. Thus, in a typical MTJ, when switching the magnetization direction of the free layer in one direction (e.g., from the parallel to anti-parallel state) is achieved using spin transfer torque from the transverse spin current, switching the free layer in the other direction (e.g., from the anti-parallel to parallel states) would be achieved using spin transfer torque from the reflected spin current. This is typically accomplished by running electrical current through the MTJ in one direction when switching from the anti-parallel to parallel state and running the electrical current through the MTJ in the other direction when switching from the parallel to anti-parallel state.

FIG. 1 illustrates a MTJ stack 100 for an MRAM device including MTJ stack 130 and an in-plane polarizer 150. As shown, stack 100 includes one or more seed layers 110 provided at the bottom of stack 100 to initiate a desired crystalline growth in the above-deposited layers. Furthermore, MTJ 130 is deposited on top of SAF layer 120. MTJ 130 includes reference layer 132, which is a magnetic layer, a non-magnetic tunneling barrier layer (i.e., the insulator) 134, and the free layer 136, which is also a magnetic layer. It should be understood that reference layer 132 is actually part of SAF layer 120, but forms one of the ferromagnetic plates of MTJ 130 when the non-magnetic tunneling barrier layer 134 and free layer 136 are formed on reference layer 132. As shown in FIG. 1, reference magnetic layer 132 has a magnetization direction perpendicular to its plane. As also seen in FIG. 1, free layer 136 also has a magnetization direction perpendicular to its plane, but its direction can vary by 180 degrees.

The first magnetic layer 114 in the SAF layer 120 is disposed over the seed layer 110. SAF layer 120 also has a antiferromagnetic coupling layer 116 disposed over the first magnetic layer 114. Furthermore, a nonmagnetic spacer 140 is disposed on top of MTJ 130 and a polarizer 150 is disposed on top of the nonmagnetic spacer 140. Polarizer 150 is a magnetic layer that has a magnetic direction in its plane, but is perpendicular to the magnetic direction of the reference layer 132 and free layer 136. Polarizer 150 is provided to polarize a current of electrons (“spin-aligned electrons”) applied to MTJ structure 100. Polarizer 150 polarizes the current in a direction perpendicular (orthogonal) to those of the magnetizations of the free magnetic layer 136 and reference magnetic layer 132. Further, one or more capping layers 160 can be provided on top of polarizer 150 to protect the layers below on MTJ stack 100. Finally, a hard mask 170 is deposited over capping layers 160 and is provided to pattern the underlying layers of the MTJ structure 100, using a combination of reactive ion etch (RIE) and ion beam etching (IBE) processes.

Various mechanisms have been proposed to assist the free-layer magnetization switching in MTJ devices. One issue has been that to realize the orthogonal spin transfer effect for in-plane MTJ structures, large spin currents may be required for switching. The need for large switching currents may limit the commercial applicability of such a device. One way proposed to reduce switching current is to lower the magnetization of the free layer. However, if the effective magnetization of the free layer is lowered significantly, the orthogonal effect has to be limited so that the free-layer does not go into precessional mode that would make the end state of the free-layer magnetization un-deterministic. This defines the operation window for the in-plane OST structures. In an in-plane device, unlike that shown in FIG. 1, the magnetization direction of the reference layer and free layer are in the plane of the layer. Another aspect of in-plane devices is that the thermal stability requirements may limit the size of the MTJ devices to approximately sixty nanometers or higher.

In contrast to MTJ structures with an in-plane free layer and perpendicular polarizer, perpendicular MTJ structures such as those shown in FIG. 1, are less prone to getting into a pure precessional regime. This is due to the fact that in perpendicular MTJ structures, the direction of the demagnetization field and perpendicular anisotropy contributions are the same. In this case the precession is generally not an issue and the end-state is more deterministic. However, precession may be an issue with regards to read disturb, particularly when stronger read currents are used. The orthogonal polarizer acts on the free layer magnetization at the initial state, but when the precession takes hold, the fixed orthogonal polarizer 150 helps only half the cycle of the free-layer magnetization rotation and it harms the other half of the cycle. This is demonstrated with reference to FIGS. 2-3. FIGS. 2A and 2B show switching of a free layer 136 of an MTJ. As is seen, free layer 136 has a magnetization direction 200 perpendicular to that of the polarizer 150. The magnetization direction 200 of the free layer 136 can rotate by 180 degrees. FIGS. 2A and 2B show precession about the axis of the magnetization vector of free layer 136. During precession, magnetic vector 200 begins to rotate about its axis in a cone-like manner such that its magnetization vector 200′ deflects from the perpendicular axis 202 of free layer 136. Whereas prior to initiating precession, no component of magnetic vector 200 is in the plane of free layer 136, once precession starts, a component of magnetic vector 200′ can be found both in-plane and orthogonal to free layer 136. As magnetic vector 200′ continues to precess (i.e., switch), the rotation of vector 200′ extends further from the center of free layer 136, as is seen in FIG. 2B.

In most prior MTJ devices using a polarizer such as polarizer 150, the magnetization direction of polarizer 150 is fixed, which is shown in FIGS. 1 and 3. See also U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,164, which states that the direction of the magnetization of the polarizing layer cannot vary in the presence of current. Prior to current passing through the MTJ, the free layer 136 has a magnetization direction 200 perpendicular to that of the polarizer 150. While the magnetization direction 200 of the free layer 136 can rotate by 180 degrees, such rotation is normally precluded by the free layer's inherent damping ability 205, which is represented by a vector 205 pointing to axis 202 (shown as a dashed line in FIG. 2A as well as FIG. 3). Axis 202 is perpendicular to the plane of free layer 136. This damping 205 has value, defined by the damping constant, which maintains the magnetization direction of the free layer 136.

The precession of the magnetization vector during switching of the free layer can be assisted by spin transfer torque exerted by the electrons of a spin-polarized current, which is generated in part by the orthogonal polarizer 150. Applying a current to the MTJ device 100 produces a spin-polarized current, which exerts a spin transfer torque on the magnetic vector 200. This spin transfer torque has an in-plane component of the spin transfer torque 210, which pushes magnetization vector 200′ in the direction of the magnetic vector of polarizer 150 throughout precession of magnetic vector 200′. In addition to the in-plane spin transfer torque 210 from the polarizer, the perpendicular spin transfer torque (not shown), generated by reference layer 132, pulls the magnetic vector 200′ towards the direction antiparallel to its initial direction 200, thereby causing switching of the free layer 136. In devices like those shown in FIG. 1, when the spin transfer torque 210 begins to help overcome the damping 205 inherent to the free layer 136, the magnetic direction 200′ begins to precess about its axis, as shown in FIG. 2A. As seen in FIG. 3, in-plane spin transfer torque 210 helps the magnetization direction of the free layer 136 to precess in a cone-like manner around an axis 202 perpendicular to the plane of the layers. When a spin polarized current traverses the stack 100, the magnetization of the free layer 136 precesses in a continuous manner (i.e., it turns on itself in a continuous manner as shown in FIG. 3) with maintained oscillations until the magnetic direction of free layer 136 is opposite the magnetic direction prior to the spin torque causing precession, i.e., the magnetic direction of free layer 136 switches by 180 degrees.

FIG. 3 illustrates the precession of a free layer 136 of an MTJ assisted by orthogonal spin polarized current. The spin polarized electrons from polarizer 150 provide a spin transfer torque which has a component 210 in the plane of the precession (i.e., in-plane spin transfer torque) that helps overcome the damping 205 in the first half of the precession 215 because the in-plane spin transfer torque 210 provided by the spin polarized current is opposite that of the inherent damping 205 of the free layer 136. This is shown on the right-hand side of the middle portion of FIG. 3, which illustrates the projection of spin transfer torque 210 onto the precession plane (i.e., the plane defined by axis 200 and magnetization vector 200′ as it steadily precesses around axis 200). However, the in-plane spin transfer torque actually harms the switching process during the second half of the precession 220. The reason for this is that the spin of the electrons in the spin polarized current only apply an in-plane spin transfer torque 210 in the direction of their polarization, which is aligned with the magnetic direction of the in-plane polarization layer 150. Thus, when the magnetic vector is in the half of the precession cycle 220 that is opposite the spin of the polarized electrons, the in-plane spin transfer torque 210 actually works with the inherent damping 205 of free layer 136 to make rotation more difficult. This is shown in the left-hand side of the middle portion of FIG. 3 and can be seen in the projection of the spin transfer torque 210 onto the precessional plane of the free layer 136, which is depicted on the bottom of FIG. 3. Indeed, it is the perpendicular spin transfer torque created by the reference layer 132 (not shown in FIG. 3) that overcomes the damping 205 of free layer 136 as well as the in-plane spin transfer torque 210 during the half of a precession cycle where the spin of the electrons harms precession, and thus it is the reference layer 132 that allows for completion of precession. The precessional dynamics and the directionality of the spin transfer torque depicted in FIG. 3 are approximations for the dynamics that occur at very low magnetization angles and do not necessarily reflect the phenomena occurring at larger magnetization angles.

One solution that has been proposed to overcome this limitation is the use of a precessional spin current (“PSC”) magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that can freely rotate in any magnetic direction, shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The free layer 336 is similar to the free layer 136 previously discussed, in that it has an inherent damping characteristic 205 that can be overcome with the assistance of spin transfer torque. However, the polarizing layer 150 is replaced with a precessional magnetic layer 350. As seen in FIG. 4A, which shows the projection onto the precessional plane of the direction of the spin transfer torque 211 created by spin current passing through free layer 336, the direction of spin transfer torque 211 changes with the rotation of PSC magnetic layer 350. As seen on the right side of FIG. 4A, spin transfer torque 211 causes the magnetization direction 200′of the free layer 336 to precess in a cone-like manner around an axis 202 perpendicular to the plane of the layers. The PSC layer 350 and the free-layer 336 are magnetically and/or electronically coupled such that the magnetization direction of the magnetization vector 270 of the PSC magnetic layer 350 follows the precessional rotation of the magnetic vector of the free layer 336.

As seen in on the right-hand side of FIG. 4A, the spin polarized electrons provide torque 211 that helps to overcome the damping 205 in the first half of the precession 215 because the torque 211 provided by the spin polarized current is opposite that of the inherent damping 205 of the free layer 336. In addition, torque 211 helps to overcome the damping 205 in the second half of the precession 220 by the same mechanism. Thus, unlike prior devices having a fixed polarization magnetic layer 150, the spin of the electrons in the spin polarized current applies a torque 211 in both halves of the precession cycle, including the half of the precession cycle 220 where devices with fixed polarization magnetic layers 150 actually harmed precession. As is seen, the torque 211 continues to help overcome the inherent damping 205 of free layer 136 throughout the entire precession cycle. An MRAM device utilizing an MTJ structure with a PSC is depicted in FIG. 5.

However, because of the chirality of perpendicular MTJ structures that utilize a PSC, such as the structure shown in FIG. 5, the PSC only enhances switching of the free layer in one direction (i.e., from the parallel state to the anti-parallel state, FIG. 4A), but not the other (i.e., from the antiparallel state to the parallel state, FIG. 4B). As discussed above, when switching the free layer 336 from the first direction to the second direction, the spin current is generated by the electrons passing through the PSC layer and the in-plane spin transfer torque 211 is in line with the magnetic vector of the PSC layer (FIG. 4A). However, during switching free layer 336 from the second direction to the first direction, it is the reflected spin current from PSC layer that imparts the in-plane spin transfer torque 211′ on the free layer 336. As shown in FIG. 4B, the in-plane spin transfer torque 211′ caused by the reflected spin current is in the direction anti-parallel to the magnetic vector 270 of the PSC layer 350. When the magnetic vector 270 is aligned with the magnetic vector 200′, the in-plane spin transfer torque 211′ might actually enhance the damping characteristic 205 of the free layer 336. Therefore, when the precession of magnetic vector 270 of the PSC layer 350 is synchronized with the precession of the magnetic vector 200 of the free layer 336, the in-plane spin transfer torque 211′ might enhance the damping characteristic 205 throughout the entire precession 220′. Thus, the PSC layer can be highly effective at increasing the switching efficiency of the free layer in one direction, but may actually hamper switching in the other direction.

Thus, in prior devices that utilize in-plane polarization layers 150 having a fixed magnetization direction and having a free magnetic layer 136 with a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the plane of the device, once the precession holds, the in-plane spin transfer torque has no net positive effect on the switching mechanism for a full three hundred sixty degree precession. Moreover, in prior devices that utilize a PSC magnetic layer 350, the in-plane spin transfer torque enhances the switching of the free layer throughout the precession from the first direction to the second direction, but might not enhance the switching of the free layer from the second direction to the first direction.

Therefore, there is a need for a spin torque transfer device that reduces the amount of current needed for switching from both magnetization directions while also switching at high speeds and requiring reduced chip area.

SUMMARY

An MRAM device is disclosed that has a magnetic tunnel junction stack having a significantly improved performance of the free layer in the magnetic tunnel junction structure that requires significantly lower switching currents and which significantly reduces switching times for MRAM applications and maintains this characteristic for both switching directions (AP to P and P to AP).

In one embodiment, a method for inducing a change in a magnetization vector in a magnetic device includes a magnetic device that includes a reference magnetic layer in a first plane. The reference magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and has a fixed magnetization direction. The magnetic device also has a non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer in a second plane and disposed over the reference magnetic layer. The magnetic device also includes a free magnetic layer in a third plane and disposed over the non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer. The free magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the third plane and has a magnetization direction that can switch from a first magnetization direction to a second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction. The switching process involves precessions of the magnetization vector around an axis perpendicular to the third plane at a precession radius. The magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer has a predetermined precession frequency. The free layer has a damping characteristic that opposes the switching process. The magnetic device also includes a non-magnetic spacer in a fourth plane and disposed over the free magnetic layer. The magnetic device also includes an in-plane polarization magnetic layer in a fifth plane and disposed over the non-magnetic spacer. The in-plane polarization magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is parallel to the fifth plane. The method includes generating a alternating perturbation current pulse. The alternating perturbation current pulse alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at a first frequency. The method also includes applying the alternating perturbation current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. The first spin-polarized current alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value at the first frequency. The method also includes injecting the spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a first spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer. The first spin transfer torque comprises an in-plane spin transfer torque. The in-plane spin transfer torque alternates between a first in-plane spin torque value and a second in-plane spin torque value at the first frequency. The first frequency is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free magnetic layer, thereby causing the in-plane spin transfer torque to oppose the damping characteristic of the free magnetic layer at both the first in-plane spin torque value and the second in-plane spin-torque value. The method also includes maintaining the injection of the first spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a first time interval, thereby priming the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer for switching. The method also includes generating a direct current pulse. The direct current pulse has a direct current pulse value. The method also includes applying the direct current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. The method also includes injecting the second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a second spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer. The method also includes maintaining the injection of the second spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a second time interval. The first spin transfer torque assists in switching the magnetization direction of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, switching caused by the second spin transfer torque. In this way, the switching process of the free magnetic layer is improved from the first magnetization direction to the second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction.

In another embodiment, a part of the second time interval occurs during the first time interval, thereby applying the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse to the magnetic device simultaneously.

In another embodiment, the entirety of the second time interval occurs during the first time interval, thereby applying the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse to the magnetic device simultaneously for the entirety of the second time interval.

In another embodiment, a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than twenty percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.

In another embodiment, a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than ten percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.

In another embodiment, a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than five percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.

In another embodiment, a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than two percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.

In another embodiment, a difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 100% of the direct current pulse value.

In another embodiment, a difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 50% of the direct current pulse value.

In another embodiment, a difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 25% of the direct current pulse value.

In another embodiment, a difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 10% of the direct current pulse value.

In another embodiment, a difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 5% of the direct current pulse value.

In another embodiment, a method for inducing a change in a magnetization vector in a magnetic device includes a magnetic device that includes a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) in a first plane. The MTJ comprises a reference magnetic layer, a non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer, and a free magnetic layer. The free magnetic layer and the reference magnetic layer are separated by the non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer. The reference magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and has a fixed magnetization direction. The free magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and has a magnetization direction that can switch from a first magnetization direction to a second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction. During the switching process, the magnetization vector of the free layer precesses around an axis perpendicular to the first plane at a precession radius. The magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer has a predetermined precession frequency. The magnetic device also includes a non-magnetic spacer in a second plane. The non-magnetic spacer separates the magnetic tunnel junction from an in-plane polarization magnetic layer in a third plane. The in-plane polarization magnetic layer has a magnetization vector that is parallel to the third plane. The method also includes generating a programming current pulse, which comprises a direct current pulse and an alternating perturbation pulse. The direct current pulse has a first direct current value. The alternating perturbation pulse alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at a first frequency. The method also includes applying the programming current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. The first spin-polarized current alternates between a first maximum spin-current value and a first minimum spin-current value at the first frequency. The method also includes injecting the first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a first spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer. The method also includes maintaining the injection of the first spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a first time interval. The method also includes changing the direct current pulse of the programming current pulse from the first direct current value to a second direct current value. The method also includes applying the programming current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. The second spin-polarized current alternates between a second maximum spin-current value and a second minimum spin-current value at the first frequency. The method also includes injecting the second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a second spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer. The second spin transfer torque alternates between a maximum spin transfer torque value and a minimum spin transfer torque value at the first frequency. The method also includes maintaining the injection of the second spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a second time interval. The first frequency is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free magnetic layer, thereby causing the second spin transfer torque to be at the maximum spin transfer torque value when the second spin transfer torque increases the precession radius of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, and at the minimum spin transfer torque value when the second spin transfer torque decreases the precession radius of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer. In this way, the switching process of the free magnetic layer is improved from the first magnetization direction to the second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction.

In another embodiment, the first direct current value is zero.

In another embodiment, the first direct current value is different than zero.

In another embodiment, the magnitude of the second direct current value is greater than the magnitude the first direct current value while the sign is the same.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included as part of the present specification, illustrate the presently preferred embodiments and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain and teach the principles of the MTJ devices described herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional perpendicular MTJ stack with an in-plane polarizer for an MRAM device.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate the precession of the free layer in an MTJ.

FIG. 3 illustrates the precession of the free layer in an MTJ used with a polarizing magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction.

FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the precession of the free layer in an MTJ with a precessional spin current magnetic layer having a magnetization direction that rotates freely.

FIG. 5 illustrates an MTJ stack for an MRAM device having a precessional spin current magnetic layer.

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate methods for switching the magnetization vector of the free layer in an MTJ using a fixed polarizer and precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current before application of a switching current.

FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C illustrate the precession of the free layer in an MTJ with a polarizing magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction that utilizes precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current before application of a switching current.

FIG. 8 illustrates an MTJ stack for an MRAM device with a polarizing magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction that utilizes precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current before application of a switching current.

FIG. 9 is a graph that depicts the z-component of the magnetization vectors of two free layers corresponding to two different devices during their precessions following (1) the application of an alternating perturbation current, which is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free layers; and (2) the application of a switching current pulse (also shown) comprising the alternating perturbation current and a direct current.

FIG. 10 is a graph of several simulations illustrating the improvement in performance of MTJ devices upon precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current that is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free layer before application of a switching current.

FIGS. 11A and 11B are graphs of a subset of the simulation parameters from FIG. 10, illustrating the width of the resonance and the improvement in performance of MTJ devices upon precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current that is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free layer before application of a switching current.

FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an MTJ stack for an MRAM device with a polarizing magnetic layer having a fixed magnetization direction that utilizes precharging of the device with an alternating perturbation current before application of a switching current.

The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and the elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by like reference numerals for illustrative purposes throughout the figures. The figures are only intended to facilitate the description of the various embodiments described herein; the figures do not describe every aspect of the teachings disclosed herein and do not limit the scope of the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to create and use methods and magnetic devices that utilize a programming current comprising an alternating perturbation current to assist in the switching of a magnetization vector for a magnetic semiconductor device such as an MRAM device. Each of the features and teachings disclosed herein can be utilized separately or in conjunction with other features to implement the disclosed system and method. Representative examples utilizing many of these additional features and teachings, both separately and in combination, are described in further detail with reference to the attached drawings. This detailed description is merely intended to teach a person of skill in the art further details for practicing preferred aspects of the present teachings and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Therefore, combinations of features disclosed in the following detailed description may not be necessary to practice the teachings in the broadest sense, and are instead taught merely to describe particularly representative examples of the present teachings.

In the following description, for purposes of explanation only, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present teachings. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the present teachings.

This present patent document discloses methods for switching a magnetization vector that can be used to switch the magnetization vector of a free layer in a MRAM device. The methods use an alternating perturbation current pulse, which alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at a first frequency. In one embodiment, this alternating perturbation current pulse is applied to the in-plane polarization layer and the magnetic tunnel junction for a first time interval (i.e., the AC precharge), thereby generating a spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. The spin-polarized current alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value at the first frequency, causing the magnitude of the in-plane spin transfer torque to alternate between a maximum magnitude and a minimum magnitude. The first frequency is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the magnetization vector of the free layer, such that the in-plane spin transfer torque initiates precession of the magnetization vector of the free layer during the first time interval. A switching current, which in one embodiment is comprised of the alternating perturbation current and a direct current pulse, is then applied to the magnetic device for a second time interval, thereby generating a second spin current. In some embodiments, the second time interval overlaps with the first time interval such that the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse are applied to the magnetic device simultaneously. The spin transfer torque from the second spin current provides a net benefit of assisting in the precessional motion of the magnetization vector, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the switching of the free layer.

The present patent document also discloses a MRAM device that uses an in-plane polarization layer having a fixed magnetization direction and a current source that directs and programming current pulse through the magnetic device, and is described with reference to FIGS. 6-12. Instead of directing only a direct current through the magnetic device, the current source can direct a programming current pulse that comprises an alternating perturbation current and a direct current. In one embodiment, the current source directs an alternating perturbation current through the device for a first time interval and a direct current through the device for a second time interval. In other embodiments, the current source directs a programming current pulse through the device that comprises an alternating perturbation pulse and a direct current, where the direct current value is at a first magnitude for a first time interval and a second magnitude for a second time interval. Application of this alternating current pulse to the magnetic device generates a spin-polarized current having spin polarized electrons that alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value at a first frequency. The spin-polarized electrons exert a spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, thereby initiating precessions of the magnetization direction of the free layer. The programming current is applied to the magnetic device to switch the magnetization direction of the free layer. The first frequency is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the magnetization vector of the free layer, such that the in-plane spin torque component provides a net benefit of assisting in the precessional motion of the magnetization vector, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the switching of the free layer.

FIG. 6A shows a schematic for one method of switching a free layer by precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current pulse. In one embodiment, the first step of the method is the generation of an alternating perturbation current pulse. Second, the alternating perturbation current pulse is applied to a magnetic device. In one embodiment, the magnetic device 500 comprises a perpendicular MTJ 530 with an in-plane polarizer 550. Application of the alternating perturbation current pulse to the magnetic device results in a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. Third, the spin-polarized electrons are injected into the free layer 536 of the MTJ 530. The spin-polarized electrons exert a first spin transfer torque on the magnetic vector of the free layer 536, priming the magnetic vector of free layer 536 for switching. The first spin transfer torque comprises an in-plane spin transfer torque. Fourth, the injection of the spin-polarized electrons from the first spin-polarized current into free layer 536 is maintained for a first time interval. Fifth, a direct current pulse (i.e., a switching pulse) is generated. Sixth, the direct current pulse is applied to magnetic device 500. Application of the direct current pulse to magnetic device 500 results in a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. Seventh, the spin-polarized electrons are injected into the free layer 536 of the MTJ 530. The spin-polarized electrons exert a second spin transfer torque on the magnetic vector of the free layer 536. Eighth, the injection of the spin polarized electrons from the second spin-polarized current is maintained for a second time interval. In some embodiments, the second time interval overlaps with the first time interval such that the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse are applied to magnetic device 500 simultaneously. During the second time interval, the magnetization direction of free layer 536 is switched.

The alternating perturbation current alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value. In one embodiment, the frequency at which the alternation occurs (i.e., the first frequency) is set to match the precession frequency of the magnetic vector of the free layer 536 while the precession frequency is near its maximum value. Thus, the programming current will oscillate between the maximum and minimum current values in a manner that is synchronized with the precession of the magnetization vector of the free layer 536. As described above, when the programming current is applied to a magnetic device, such as magnetic device 500 comprising an in-plane polarization layer 550 and a perpendicular MTJ 530, a spin-polarized current is formed. In some embodiments, as the programming current alternates between maximum and minimum current levels, the spin-polarized current also alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value. The spin-transfer torque exerted on the free layer 536 is caused by the spin-current. Therefore, when the first spin current is at the maximum spin-current value, the in-plane spin-transfer torque exerted on the free layer 536 is at a first in-plane spin torque value. When the first spin current is at the minimum spin-current value, the in-plane spin transfer torque exerted on the free layer 536 is at a second in-plane spin torque value. Therefore, in some embodiments where the oscillation frequency of the programming current in synchronized with the precession frequency of the magnetization vector of the free layer 536, the in-plane spin transfer torque will alternate between the first spin torque value and the second spin torque value at a frequency that is also synchronized with the precession of the free layer 536. In some embodiments, this will cause the in-plane spin transfer torque to counteract the inherent damping of the free layer 536 throughout the precession.

FIG. 6B shows a schematic for another method of switching a free layer by precharging the device with an alternating perturbation current pulse. In one embodiment, the first step of the method is the generation of a programming current pulse. The programming current pulse comprises an alternating perturbation current pulse and a direct current pulse. The direct current pulse is at a first direct current value. Second, the programming current pulse is applied to a magnetic device. In one embodiment, the magnetic device 500 comprises a perpendicular MTJ 530 with an in-plane polarizer 550. Application of the programming current pulse to magnetic device 500 results in a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. Third, the spin-polarized electrons are injected into the free layer 536 of the MTJ 530. The spin-polarized electrons exert a first spin transfer torque on the magnetic vector of the free layer 536, priming the magnetic vector of free layer 536 for switching. Fourth, the injection of the spin-polarized electrons from the first spin-polarized current into free layer 536 is maintained for a first time interval. Fifth, the direct current component of the programming current pulse is changed to a second direct current value. In some embodiments, the alternating perturbation current pulse continues to be part of the programming current. Sixth, the programming current pulse is applied to magnetic device 500. Application of the programming current pulse to magnetic device 500 results in a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons. Seventh, the spin-polarized electrons from the second spin-polarized current are injected into the free layer 536 of the MTJ 530. The spin-polarized electrons exert a second spin transfer torque on the magnetic vector of the free layer 536. Eighth, the injection of the spin-polarized electrons from the second spin-polarized current is maintained for a second time interval. During the second time interval, the magnetization direction of free layer 536 is switched.

The programming current alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value because it comprises an alternating perturbation current. In one embodiment, the frequency at which the alternation occurs (i.e., the first frequency) is be set to match the precession frequency of the magnetic vector of the free layer 536 while the precession frequency is near its maximum value. Thus, the programming current will oscillate between the maximum and minimum current values in a manner that is synchronized with the precession of the magnetization vector of the free layer 536. As described above, when the programming current is applied to a magnetic device, such as magnetic device 500 comprising an in-plane polarization layer 550 and a perpendicular MTJ 530, a spin-polarized current is formed. In some embodiments, as the programming current alternates between a maximum and minimum current levels, the spin-polarized current also alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value. The magnitude of the spin-transfer torque exerted on the free layer 536 is proportional to the spin-current value. Therefore, when the spin current is at the maximum spin-current value, the magnitude of the spin-transfer torque being exerted on the free layer 536 is at the maximum magnitude. When the spin current is at the minimum spin-current value, the magnitude of the spin-transfer torque being exerted on the free layer 536 is at the minimum magnitude. Therefore, in some embodiments where the oscillation frequency of the programming current in synchronized with the precession frequency of the magnetization vector of the free layer 536, the magnitude of the spin transfer torque will alternate between the maximum magnitude and minimum magnitude at a frequency that is also synchronized with the precession of the free layer 536.

FIGS. 7A-7C show the concept behind methods and devices that use a programming current pulse comprising an alternating perturbation current and an in-plane polarization layer 550. Like in-plane polarizer 150 previously discussed, the in-plane polarization layer 550 in this embodiment has a magnetic vector with a fixed magnetization direction (top of FIG. 7A). The free layer 536 in this embodiment is similar to the free layer 136 previously discussed, in that it has an inherent damping characteristic 205 that can be overcome with the assistance of spin transfer torque. As seen in the middle of FIG. 7A, in-plane spin transfer torque 610 causes the magnetization direction 200′ of the free layer 536 to precess in a cone-like manner around an axis 202 perpendicular to the plane of the layers. FIG. 7A shows a progression of rotation of the magnetic direction 200′ about axis 202. As discussed, when a spin-polarized current traverses the device, the magnetization of the free layer 536 precesses in a continuous manner (i.e., it turns on itself in a continuous manner as shown in the middle of FIG. 7A) with maintained oscillations until the magnetic direction of free layer 536 is opposite the magnetic direction prior to the spin torque causing precession, i.e., the magnetic direction of free layer 136 switches by 180 degrees.

The spin-polarized electrons of the spin-polarized current exert a spin transfer torque on the magnetization layer of the free layer. This spin transfer torque has both an in-plane spin torque component 610 and a perpendicular spin torque component (not shown in FIG. 7A). The perpendicular spin torque exerts a force on the magnetization vector of the free layer 536 that pulls the magnetization vector from one perpendicular position to the other perpendicular position (e.g., from the parallel to the anti-parallel state). Alternatively, when the current flows through the device in the opposite direction, the perpendicular spin torque can push the magnetization vector of the free layer 536 towards its initial state, thereby opposing switching of the free layer 536. This perpendicular spin torque component is caused by spin-polarization of the electrons by the reference magnetic layer 532 (depicted in FIG. 8). The in-plane spin torque 610 assists in the switching of the free layer by providing a force that pushes the magnetization vector away from the perpendicular axis 202, allowing the perpendicular spin transfer torque to act on the magnetization vector, thereby switching the free layer. This in-plane spin torque 610 is caused by spin-polarization of the electrons by the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550.

The in-plane spin torque 610 also enhances the precessional motion of the magnetization vector of the free layer. FIG. 7A depicts the effect of the in-plane spin transfer torque on the precessional dyamics of the free layer when an alternating current is applied to magnetic device 500. As seen on the right-hand side of FIG. 7A, the spin-polarized electrons provide in-plane spin torque 610 that helps to overcome the damping 205 in the first half of the precession 215 because the in-plane spin torque 610 provided by the spin-polarized current is opposite that of the inherent damping 205 of the free layer 536. During the first half of the precession, the in-plane spin transfer torque is at or near a first in-plane spin torque value 610 (i.e., the maximum spin torque magnitude in the first direction). Because the spin-polarized electrons are generated by the direct spin current from in-plane polarizer 550 (i.e., electrons that pass through polarizer 550 before passing through free layer 536), the in-plane spin transfer torque is in the same direction as the magnetization direction of in-plane polarizer 550. During the second half of the precession, the in-plane spin transfer torque is at or near the second in-plane spin torque value 610′ (i.e., the maximum spin torque magnitude in the second direction). Because the alternating perturbation current has now switched signs (and the electrons are flowing through the system in the opposite direction), the spin-polarized electrons are generated by the reflected spin current from in-plane polarizer 550. Accordingly, the in-plane spin transfer torque 610′ is in the opposite direction of the magnetization direction of in-plane polarizer 550. The oscillation frequency of the alternating perturbation current is set at a first frequency, which is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer. Therefore, the in-plane spin transfer torque 610 opposes the inherent damping characteristic 205 of the free layer 536 at both the first in-plane spin torque value 610 and the second in-plane spin torque value 610′. Moreover, the precessional motion of the free layer 536 is enhanced by both the first in-plane spin torque value 610 and the second in-plane spin torque value 610′. Nevertheless, when only an alternating perturbation current is used, the perpendicular spin transfer torque (not shown) provides no net benefit for switching the free layer 536. As discussed above, during the first half of the precession, the perpendicular spin transfer torque is generated by the reflected spin current from the reference magnetic layer 532, thereby imparting perpendicular spin transfer torque that aids in switching the free layer from the parallel to the antiparallel directions. However, during the second half of the precession, the direction of the current is switched and the perpendicular spin transfer torque is generated by the direct spin current from the reference layer 532. The direct spin current imparts a perpendicular spin transfer torque that is aligned with the magnetization direction of the reference layer 532 and pushes the magnetization vector of free layer 532 back to its initial position (i.e., towards the parallel state). Thus, application of an alternating perturbation current alone will initiate the precession of the free layer 532, but is not likely to achieve efficient switching.

FIG. 7B depicts the spin transfer torque and precessional dynamics of the free layer 536 upon application of a switching current that comprises an alternating perturbation current pulse and a direct current pulse. In some embodiments, these precessional dynamics occur during the second time interval of the methods described herein. Because the switching current is comprised of a direct current pulse and an alternating current pulse, the switching current will alternate between a maximum current value and a minimum current value. In some embodiments, the spin-polarized current generated by the application of the switching current to magnetic device 500 will alternate between a maximum spin current value and a minimum spin current value. The magnitude of the spin transfer torque is proportional to the strength of the spin-polarized current. During the first half of the precession, the spin-polarized current is at or near the maximum current value, thereby imparting in-plane spin transfer torque 610 at or near the maximum spin-torque magnitude (depicted by the longer arrow). As previously discussed, during the second half of the precession 215, this in-plane spin torque 611′ is actually aligned with the inherent damping of the free layer 536. However, in one embodiment, during the second half of the precession, the spin-polarized current is at or near the minimum current value, thereby imparting in-plane spin transfer torque 611′ at or near the minimum spin-torque magnitude (depicted by the shorter arrow). As discussed above, the oscillation frequency of the alternating perturbation current is set at a first frequency, which is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer. Therefore, the magnitude of in-plane spin transfer torque is maximized (FIG. 7B, 611) when it enhances the precessional motion of the free layer and is minimized (FIG. 7B, 611′) when the in-plane spin transfer torque opposes the precessional motion (bottom of FIG. 7B). Thus, the in-plane spin torque component provides a net benefit of assisting in the precessional motion of the magnetization vector, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the switching of the free layer.

Moreover, as shown in FIG. 7C, the use of a switching current comprising an alternating perturbation current can provide net enhancement of precession throughout the switching of the free layer 536 from both the first magnetization direction and the second magnetization direction (i.e., switching of the free layer from both the parallel direction to the antiparallel direction and from the antiparallel direction to the parallel direction). During switching of the free layer 536 from the second magnetic direction to the first magnetic direction, it is the reflected spin current generated by the in-plane polarizer that exerts the in-plane spin transfer torque 612 on the free layer 536. As discussed above, the direction of the in-plane spin transfer torque 612 exerted by the reflected spin current is antiparallel to the magnetic direction of the in-plane polarizer 550 (top of FIG. 7C). Nevertheless, the alternating perturbation current can be synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the magnetization vector 200′ of the free magnetic layer in such a way as to maximize the in-plane spin transfer torque 612 when it opposes the damping force 205 and minimize the in-plane spin transfer torque 612′ when it enhances the damping force 205 (middle of FIG. 7C). Thus, synchronization of the alternating perturbation current with the precession frequency of the free layer can be accomplished regardless of the direction of the current, achieving a net enhancement of the precessional motion during switching of free layer 536 in both directions.

Moreover, precharging with an alternating perturbation current (as shown in FIG. 7A) begins precessional dynamics that will increase the switching rate, thereby improving the efficiency of switching free layer 536. The perpendicular spin transfer torque can only act on the magnetization vector of free layer 536 when that magnetization vector has an in-plane vector component (i.e., is tilted off of the perpendicular axis 202). In standard MTJ systems, thermal fluctuations (i.e., stochastic thermal events that push the magnetization vector of free layer 536 off of it parallel or anti-parallel axis) are required before the spin transfer torque can initiate switching. In contrast, precharging the magnetic device 500 with an alternating perturbation current, as described in some embodiments disclosed herein, initiates the precession of magnetization vector of free layer 536, pushing the magnetization vector off of axis 202, thereby allowing the perpendicular spin transfer torque to initiate switching. In this way, the methods described herein allow for improved switching efficiency and lower write error rates.

A memory cell with an in-plane polarization layer 550, an MTJ structure 500, and a programming current source 575 is shown in FIG. 8. MTJ structure 500 includes one or more seed layers 510 provided at the bottom of stack 500 to initiate a desired crystalline growth in the above-deposited layers. Synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) layer 520 is disposed over seed layer 510. SAF layer 520 is comprised of a first SAF layer 532, anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 516 and second SAF layer 514. Second SAF layer 514 is deposited over seed layer 510, while anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 516 is placed over second SAF layer 314. MTJ 530 is deposited over anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 516. MTJ 530 includes first SAF layer 532, which acts as the reference layer of the MTJ, and is also part of SAF layer 520. A tunneling barrier layer (i.e., the insulator) 534 is disposed over first SAF layer 532 while the free layer 536 is disposed over tunneling barrier layer 534. As shown in FIG. 8, the magnetization vector of first SAF layer 532 has a magnetization direction that is preferably perpendicular to its plane, although variations of a several degrees are within the scope of what is considered perpendicular. As also seen in FIG. 8, free layer 536 also has a magnetization vector that is preferably perpendicular to its plane, but its direction can vary by 180 degrees. A nonmagnetic spacer 540 is disposed over MTJ 530. In-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 is disposed over nonmagnetic spacer 540. In one embodiment, in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 has a magnetization vector having a magnetic direction parallel to its plane, and is perpendicular to the magnetic vector of the reference layer 532 and free layer 536. In-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 has a magnetization direction that is preferably parallel to its plane, although variations of a several degrees are within the scope of what is considered parallel. One or more capping layers 570 can be provided on top of in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 to protect the layers below on MTJ stack 500. In one embodiment, current source 575 generates an alternating perturbation current that has an oscillation frequency that is synchronized with the precession frequency of magnetization vector of free layer 536 and directs it to the MTJ for a first time interval, followed by a switching current comprising a direct current and the alternating perturbation current for a second time interval. In another embodiment, current source 575 generates a programming current comprising an alternating perturbation current that is matched to the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer 536 and a direct current, which can be changed from a first direct current value to a second direct current value during switching of the free layer 536.

Seed layer 510 in the MTJ structure shown in FIG. 8 preferably comprises Ta, TaN, Cr, Cu, CuN, Ni, Fe or alloys thereof. Second SAF layer 514 preferably comprises either a Co/Ni, Co/Pt or Co/Pd multilayer structure. First SAF layer 532 preferably comprises either a Co/Ni or Co/Pt multilayer structure plus a thin non-magnetic layer comprised of tantalum having a thickness of two to five Angstroms and a thin CoFeB layer (0.5 to three nanometers). Anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 516 is preferably made from Ru having thickness in the range of three to ten Angstroms. Tunneling barrier layer 534 is preferably made of an insulating material such as MgO, with a thickness of approximately ten Angstroms. Free layer 536 is preferably made with CoFeB deposited on top of tunneling barrier layer 534. Free layer 536 can also have layers of Fe, Co, Ni or alloys thereof and W and Ta insertion layers to promote perpendicular anisotropy. Spacer layer 540 over MTJ 530 can be any non-magnetic material such as 2 to 20 Angstroms of ruthenium, 2-20 Angstroms of Ta, 2-20 Angstroms of TaN, 2-20 Angstroms of Cu, 2-20 Angstroms of CuN, or 2-20 Angstroms MgO layer, or or 2-20 Angstroms Al₂O₃ layer.

Nonmagnetic spacer 540 has a number of properties. For example, nonmagnetic spacer 540 physically separates the free layer 536 and the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550. Nonmagnetic spacer 540 transmits spin current efficiently from the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 into the free layer 536 because it preferably has a long spin diffusion length if made metallic. Nonmagnetic spacer 540 also promotes good microstructure and high tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) and helps keep the damping constant of the free layer 536 low. In one embodiment, nonmagnetic space 540 comprises MgO.

The in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 is preferably made from CoFeB. It can also be made with Co, Fe, Ni magnetic layers or can be made out of their alloys. The magnetic alloys can also have boron, tantalum, copper or other materials. Finally capping layer 570 can be any material that provides good interface to the in-plane layer such as Ta, TaN, Ru, MgO, Cu, etc.

In some embodiments, current source 575 can generate a programming current pulse that comprises both an alternating perturbation current and a direct current component. In addition, current source 575 can be configured to produce an alternating perturbation current having an oscillation frequency that is matched to the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer 536. Current source 575 can also generate programming currents with various ratios of alternating perturbation current and direct current. In some embodiments, current source 575 can provide an alternating perturbation current pulse for a first time interval and a direct current pulse or a switching current pulse for a second time interval. In some embodiments, current source 575 can generate a programming current comprising an alternating perturbation current and a direct current, and the direct current can be changed from a first direct current value to a second direct current value.

The manner in which a bit is written using an alternating perturbation current pulse, a programming current pulse comprising an alternating perturbation current pulse and a direct current pulse, and MTJ structure 500 will now be described. In particular, an electrical current is supplied, for example, by current source 575, which passes electrical current through the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550, the non-magnetic spacer 540, the free magnetic layer 536, the non-magnetic tunneling barrier layer 534, and the reference layer 532. During the first time interval, current source 575 directs an alternating perturbation current pulse through magnetic device 500. During the second time interval, current source 575 directs a switching current pulse (comprising a direct current pulse and the alternating perturbation current pulse) through magnetic device 500.

First, application of the AC electrical current (i.e., alternating perturbation current pulse) to the MTJ structure creates a spin polarized current that passes through non-magnetic spacer layer 540, free magnetic layer 536, tunneling barrier layer 534, and reference magnetic layer 532. The spin polarized current exerts a spin transfer torque on free magnetic layer 536, which helps overcome the inherent damping of the magnetic material making up the free layer 536. The spin transfer torque is composed of an in-plane spin transfer torque and a perpendicular spin transfer torque. During the first phase of the alternating perturbation current, the current flows in a first direction (i.e., through (1) the polarizer 550, (2) the free layer 536; and (3) the reference layer 532). During this first phase, the in-plane spin transfer torque is caused by the transverse spin current generated by the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 and the perpendicular spin transfer torque is caused by the reflected spin current generated by the reference magnetic layer 532. This causes the free magnetic layer 536 to precess about its axis, which is shown in FIG. 7A. During the second phase of the alternating perturbation current, the current flows through the device in the opposite direction (i.e., through (1) the reference layer 532, (2) the free layer 536; and (3) the polarizer 550). During this second phase, the in-plane spin transfer torque is caused by the reflected spin current generated by the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 and the perpendicular spin transfer torque is caused by the transverse spin current generated by the reference magnetic layer 532. Thus, the in-plane spin transfer torque generated during each phase of the alternating perturbation current cycle oscillates between exerting in-plane spin transfer torque in a first direction (i.e., parallel to the magnetization vector of the in-plane polarizer 550) and a second direction (i.e., antiparallel to the magnetization vector of the in-plane polarizer 550) at a first frequency. In some embodiments, this first frequency is matched to the frequency at which the magnetization vector of the free layer 536 precesses when the magnetization vector is nearly perpendicular to the plane (i.e., the predetermined precession frequency). When the first frequency is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of free layer 536, the alternating perturbation current generates a first in-plane spin transfer torque that assists the magnetization vector in overcoming the damping characteristic of the free layer 536 during both phases of the alternating perturbation current (demonstrated in FIG. 7A). Thus, during the first time interval, where the device is precharged with an alternating perturbation current, the magnetization vector of the free layer 536 maintains precessions at the predetermined precession frequency.

In one embodiment, during the second time interval, a switching current comprising the alternating perturbation current and a direct current is applied to the device. The switching current alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at the first frequency. In one embodiment, when switching the free layer 536 in one direction (e.g., from the parallel direction to the anti-parallel direction), the in-plane spin transfer torque is caused by the transverse spin current generated by the in-plane polarization magnetic layer 550 and the perpendicular spin transfer torque is caused by the reflected spin current generated by the reference magnetic layer 532.

The switching current pulse comprises an alternating perturbation current pulse and a direct current pulse generated, for example, by current source 575. Therefore, the programming current alternates between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at the first frequency. As a result, the spin-polarized current that is generated by application of the switching current to MTJ structure 500 (i.e., the second spin-polarized current) alternates between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin current value at the same first frequency. The magnitude of the second spin transfer torque exerted on the magnetic vector of the free layer 536 is proportional to the spin-current value because at higher spin-current values, there are more spin-polarized electrons flowing through free layer 536. Therefore, the magnitude of the second spin transfer torque alternates between a maximum spin torque magnitude and a minimum spin torque magnitude at the same first frequency.

The in-plane spin transfer torque continues to assist the precession of the magnetic vector of the free magnetic layer 536 throughout the second time interval, as depicted in FIG. 7B. The precession of the magnetic vector of free magnetic layer 536 occurs at the predetermined precession frequency. In some embodiments, the alternating perturbation current is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency. Because the magnitude of the in-plane spin transfer torque alternates between the maximum spin torque magnitude and the minimum spin torque magnitude at the first frequency, these oscillations in magnitude are also synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency. As depicted in FIG. 7B (middle, right), the in-plane spin transfer torque is at or near the maximum spin torque magnitude when the in-plane spin transfer torque opposes the inherent damping of the free magnetic layer 536. Also shown in FIG. 7B (middle left), the in-plane spin transfer torque is at or near the minimum spin torque magnitude when the in-plane spin transfer torque enhances the inherent damping of the free magnetic layer 536. Therefore, the in-plane spin transfer torque from in-plane polarizer 550 provides a net spin torque throughout the precession that opposes the damping characteristic of the free magnetic layer 536. The in-plane spin transfer torque from the in-plane polarization layer 550 thereby assists the perpendicular spin transfer torque from the reference layer 532 in switching the magnetization direction of the free layer. Thus, devices using an alternating perturbation current pulse followed by a switching current pulse comprising an alternating perturbation current can enhance the efficiency of the switching of the magnetic direction of the free magnetic layer 536. A similar switching process is observed in embodiments where the current source 575 generates a programming current comprising an alternating perturbation current and a direct current, where the direct current is changed from a first direct current value to a second direct current value to achieve switching of free layer 536.

In particular, the structures and methods described herein utilize an alternating perturbation current that is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer 536 that provides a net in-plane spin transfer torque throughout the whole precession cycle and therefore significantly enhances the free layer switching process in both switching directions, which will result in faster write times and lower switching threshold currents.

The results of simulating two devices having the structure described herein are seen in FIG. 9. In FIG. 9, the X axis of the graph depicts the time course of the simulation in nanoseconds. The right axis of the graph corresponds to voltage applied to the free layer by the programming pulse, which is depicted as the line labeled as “Pulse Shape.” The Pulse Shape line indicates the voltage value of the programming pulse throughout the course of the simulation. The left axis of the graph corresponds to the magnitude of the z-component of the magnetization vectors (m_(z), i.e., the axis of the magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the plane of the free layer) for two devices: Device 1 (line labeled “Device 1”) and Device 2 (line labeled “Device 2”). An m_(z) value at or near 1 indicates that the magnetization vector of the free layer is precessing in a nearly perpendicular state (i.e., fast precessions at the predetermined precession frequency near the parallel state). As the m_(z) value approaches 0, the magnetization vector of the free layer approaches the equator (i.e., in-plane precession). An m_(z) value close to −1 is indicative of the magnetization vector having switched from the parallel position to the anti-parallel position.

As seen in FIG. 9, the alternating perturbation current pulse is applied for 6 nanoseconds (i.e., the precharge period) before the direct current pulse (i.e., switching current pulse) is applied to the devices. During this time, the alternating perturbation current oscillates between a first voltage value of 0.1 volts and a second voltage value of −0.1 volts, as indicated by the Pulse Shape line. Before the switching current pulse is applied, there is a relatively small precession of the free layer of Device 2, indicated by m_(z) values deviating only slightly from 1 (see FIG. 9, Device 2 line). Upon application of the switching current, the magnitude of the m_(z) values for Device 2 decreases dramatically, achieving negative m_(z) values before the end of the simulation, indicating that the device has switched from the parallel state to the antiparallel state. The switching of Device 2 is significantly faster than the switching of Device 1 (see FIG. 9, Device 1 line), which has not yet reached the equator by the end of the simulation.

The results of several simulations of a device having the structure described herein are seen in FIG. 10. The X axis of the graph is the voltage of the direct current component of the programming current that applied to the device. The Y axis is the write error rate (WER), which is indicative of the how easily the magnetization vector of the free layer switches from the first magnetization direction to the second magnetization direction or from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction; the lower the WER, the more effective the applied current is at switching the free layer. The graph depicts two series of transitions: (1) switching the free layer from the parallel direction to the antiparallel direction (filled data points, indicated by “2AP” on the legend); and (2) switching the free layer from the antiparallel direction to the parallel direction (unfilled data points, indicated by “2P” on the legends). Within each series, different sets of simulations were run, each with different switching currents. The perturbation amplitude of the alternating current frequency of the switching current was set to 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the direct current voltage (depicted on the legend as “polarized”; “A=0.1”; “A=0.2”; and “A=0.3”, respectively). In each of the simulations, the alternating perturbation frequency (ω) is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer (ω_(p) ₁ ). In each of the simulations, the device is precharged with the alternating perturbation current first, and then the switching current is applied to the device for a pulse length of 5 ns.

For the first series of simulations (switching from the parallel to anti-parallel directions), both the constant non-polarized current (line 10-A with filled squares) and the constant polarized current (line 10-B with filled circles) had a similar effect on the switching of the free layer. The data show that application of an alternating perturbation current causes a reduction in switching voltage values for the system, with the switching voltage values decreasing as the perturbation amplitude increases. This effect can be seen by comparing the lines for the currents with 0% perturbation amplitude (line 10-B with filled circles); 10% perturbation amplitude (line 10-C with filled diamonds), 20% perturbation amplitude (line 10-D with filled crosses); and 30% perturbation amplitude (line 10-E with filled pentagons). The lines that correspond to higher values of the perturbation amplitude lie below the lines with lower values of the perturbation amplitude, suggesting that increasing the perturbation amplitudes reduces the WER, i.e., it reduces the probability that a bit is written incorrectly.

Similar results were obtained in the second series of experiments (switching from the anti-parallel to the parallel direction). No significant change in switching voltage was observed between the constant non-polarized current (line 10-F with empty squares) and the constant polarized current (line 10-G with empty circles). However, the switching Voltage values decrease as the perturbation amplitude increases, as can be observed by comparing the lines with 0% perturbation amplitude (line 10-G with empty circles); 10% perturbation amplitude (line 10-H with empty diamonds), 20% perturbation amplitude (line 10-I with empty crosses); and 30% perturbation amplitude (line 10-J with empty pentagons), respectively. The lines that correspond to higher perturbation amplitude lie below the lines with smaller perturbation amplitude.

Thus, the results in FIG. 10 demonstrate improved switching by precharging the device with a programming current that comprises an alternating perturbation current with an oscillation frequency that is synchronized with the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer. In general, the voltage required to switch the magnetization vector from the anti-parallel direction to the parallel direction was considerably less than that required to switch the magnetization vector from the parallel direction to the anti-parallel direction. Moreover, the use of an alternating perturbation current precharge and a switching current effectively reduces the switching voltage value for switching in both directions. However, this effect is more pronounced for switching from the parallel to the antiparallel direction because the spin-polarization efficiency from the in-plane polarizing layer to the free layer is higher in this case.

FIGS. 11A and 11B demonstrate the effect of the frequency and amplitude of the alternating perturbation current on the WER value of selected simulations described in FIG. 10. The Y axis is the ratio between the frequency of the alternating perturbation current (ω) and the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer (ω_(p)). The X axis is the perturbation amplitude, which ranges from 0% to 40% of the direct current voltage. For these simulations, the voltage of the switching current comprising the alternating perturbation current was fixed at 0.6 volts and the system was pulsed for 5 ns. Before pulsing, the system was precharged with the alternating perturbation current pulse only. The colors represent the WER values at each of the corresponding amplitude and frequency ratios. Lower WER values indicate an increased efficiency in the switching of the free layer.

FIG. 11A depicts the results from a set of simulations in which the magnetization vector of the free layer is switched from the parallel direction to the antiparallel direction. The results demonstrate that a reduction in WER occurs when the frequency of alternating perturbation current is roughly equal to the predetermined precession frequency of the free layer (with a ratio value of roughly 0.95 to 1.05) and the perturbation amplitude is at least roughly 15% of the direct current voltage. At higher perturbation amplitudes (30-40% of the direct voltage current), the impact on the WER values is significantly enhanced, indicating a greater assistance with the switching of the free layer. Moreover, the width of the resonance is greater at higher perturbation amplitudes, with appreciable reduction in WER occurring when the frequency ratio is between 0.9 and 1.1.

FIG. 11B demonstrates similar results during the switching of the magnetization vector of the free layer from the antiparallel direction to the parallel direction. Although FIG. 11B has lower resolution than FIG. 11A (due to fewer simulations), similar results are clearly discernable: substantial WER reduction when the ω/ω_(p) ratio is between 0.95 to 1.05; pronounced reduction in WER at higher perturbation amplitudes (particularly 0.3-0.4); and an increase in width of the resonance as the perturbation amplitude increases. Thus, the results of these simulations demonstrate the significant improvement provided by the various embodiments described herein.

An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 12. In this embodiment, magnetic device 800 has had its MTJ stack inverted with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 8. In particular, magnetic device 800 includes a seed layer 870. In-plane polarization magnetic layer 850 is placed over seed layer 870. Nonmagnetic spacer 840 is placed over in-plane polarization magnetic layer 850. Nonmagnetic spacer 840 has the same properties, construction and characteristics as nonmagnetic spacer 540, discussed above. In-plane polarization magnetic layer 850 has the same properties, construction and characteristics as In-plane polarization magnetic layer 550, discussed above. MTJ 830 is placed over nonmagnetic spacer 840. MTJ 830 is generally constructed of free layer 836 (which is placed over nonmagnetic spacer 850) and reference layer 832. Free layer 836 and reference layer 832 are spatially separated from each other by tunneling barrier layer 834, which is made of an insulating material. Tunneling barrier layer 834 also forms part of synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) layer 820. SAF layer 820 is comprised of a first SAF layer 832, which is also the reference layer of device 800, anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 816 and second SAF layer 814. Anti-ferromagnetic coupling layer 816 is placed over first SAF layer 832. Finally, capping layer 810 is placed over SAF layer 820. The programming current can be provided by a current source 875. Current source 875 can generate a programming current that comprises an alternating perturbation current and a direct current. Current source 875 can also adjust the relative values of the alternating perturbation current and the direct current. Current source 875 can also generate only an alternating perturbation current pulse for a first time interval and a programming pulse for a second time interval. Other than the ordering of the layers, magnetic device 800 operates in the same manner as described with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 8. Thus, just as shown in FIGS. 7A-7C, the in-plane spin transfer torque 610 provides a net benefit of enhancing the efficiency of the switching throughout the entire precession cycle of free layer 836.

All of the layers of devices 500 and 800 illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 12 can be formed by a thin film sputter deposition system as would be appreciated by one skilled in the art. The thin film sputter deposition system can include the necessary physical vapor deposition (PVD) chambers, each having one or more targets, an oxidation chamber and a sputter etching chamber. Typically, the sputter deposition process involves a sputter gas (e.g., oxygen, argon, or the like) with an ultra-high vacuum and the targets can be made of the metal or metal alloys to be deposited on the substrate. Thus, when the present specification states that a layer is placed over another layer, such layer could have been deposited using such a system. Other methods can be used as well. It should be appreciated that the remaining steps necessary to manufacture MTJ stacks 500 and 800 are well-known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the disclosure herein.

It should be appreciated to one skilled in the art that a plurality of MTJ structures 500 and 800 can be manufactured and provided as respective bit cells of an STT-MRAM device. In other words, each MTJ stack 500 and 800 can be implemented as a bit cell for a memory array having a plurality of bit cells.

The above description and drawings are only to be considered illustrative of specific embodiments, which achieve the features and advantages described herein. Modifications and substitutions to specific process conditions can be made. Accordingly, the embodiments in this patent document are not considered as being limited by the foregoing description and drawings. 

1. A method for inducing a change in a magnetization vector in a magnetic device, wherein the magnetic device comprises a reference magnetic layer in a first plane, the reference magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and having a fixed magnetization direction; a non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer in a second plane and disposed over the reference magnetic layer; a free magnetic layer in a third plane and disposed over the non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer, the free magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the third plane and having a magnetization direction that can switch from a first magnetization direction to a second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction, with a switching process that involves precessions at a precession radius around an axis perpendicular to the third plane, the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer having a predetermined precession frequency, the free magnetic layer having a damping characteristic that opposes the switching process; a non-magnetic spacer in a fourth plane and disposed over the free magnetic layer; and an in-plane polarization magnetic layer in a fifth plane and disposed over the non-magnetic spacer, the in-plane polarization magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is parallel to the fifth plane; the method comprising: (1) generating an alternating perturbation current pulse, the alternating perturbation current pulse alternating between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at a first frequency; (2) applying the alternating perturbation current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons, the first spin-polarized current alternating between a maximum spin-current value and a minimum spin-current value at the first frequency; (3) injecting the first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a first spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, the first spin transfer torque comprising an in-plane spin transfer torque, the in-plane spin transfer torque alternating between a first in-plane spin torque value and a second in-plane spin torque value at the first frequency; wherein the first frequency is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free magnetic layer, thereby causing the in-plane spin transfer torque to oppose the damping characteristic of the free magnetic layer at both the first in-plane spin torque value and the second in-plane spin-torque value; (4) maintaining the injection of the first spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a first time interval, thereby priming the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer for switching; (5) generating a direct current pulse, the direct current pulse having a direct current pulse value; (6) applying the direct current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons; (7) injecting the second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a second spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer; and (8) maintaining the injection of the second spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a second time interval; wherein the first spin transfer torque assists in switching the magnetization direction of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, switching caused by the second spin transfer torque.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein a part of the second time interval occurs during the first time interval, thereby applying the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse to the magnetic device simultaneously.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the entirety of the second time interval occurs during the first time interval, thereby applying the alternating perturbation current pulse and the direct current pulse to the magnetic device simultaneously for the entirety of the second time interval.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than twenty percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than ten percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than five percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than two percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 100% of the direct current pulse value.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 80% of the direct current pulse value.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 40% of the direct current pulse value.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 20% of the direct current pulse value.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 10% of the direct current pulse value.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the difference between the maximum current value and the minimum current value is less than or equal to 5% of the direct current pulse value.
 14. A method for inducing a change in a magnetization vector in a magnetic device, wherein the magnetic device comprises a magnetic tunnel junction in a first plane, the magnetic tunnel junction comprising a reference magnetic layer, a non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer, and a free magnetic layer, the free magnetic layer and the reference magnetic layer separated by the non-magnetic tunnel barrier layer, the reference magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and having a fixed magnetization direction, the free magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is perpendicular to the first plane and having a magnetization direction that can switch from a first magnetization direction to a second magnetization direction and from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction, with a switching process that involves precessions around an axis perpendicular to the first plane, the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer having a predetermined precession frequency; a non-magnetic spacer in a second plane, the non-magnetic spacer separating the magnetic tunnel junction from an in-plane polarization magnetic layer in a third plane, the in-plane polarization magnetic layer having a magnetization vector that is parallel to the third plane; the method comprising: (1) generating a programming current pulse, the programming current pulse comprising a direct current pulse and an alternating perturbation pulse, the direct current pulse having a first direct current value, the alternating perturbation pulse alternating between a maximum current value and a minimum current value at a first frequency; (2) applying the programming current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a first spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons, the first spin-polarized current alternating between a first maximum spin-current value and a first minimum spin-current value at the first frequency; (3) injecting the spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a first spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer; (4) maintaining the injection of the first spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a first time interval; (5) changing the direct current pulse of the programming current pulse from the first direct current value to a second direct current value; (6) applying the programming current pulse to the magnetic device, thereby producing a second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons, the second spin-polarized current alternating between a second maximum spin-current value and a second minimum spin-current value at the first frequency; (7) injecting the second spin-polarized current having spin-polarized electrons into the free magnetic layer, thereby exerting a second spin transfer torque on the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, the second spin transfer torque alternating between a maximum spin transfer torque value and a minimum spin transfer torque value; and (8) maintaining the injection of the spin-polarized current into the free magnetic layer for a second time interval; wherein the first frequency is synchronized with the precession frequency of the free magnetic layer, thereby causing the second spin transfer torque to be at the maximum spin transfer torque value when the second spin transfer torque increases the precession radius of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, and at the minimum spin transfer torque value when the second spin transfer torque decreases the precession radius of the magnetization vector of the free magnetic layer, thereby improving the switching process of the free magnetic layer from the first magnetization direction to the second magnetization direction and during the entire motion from the second magnetization direction to the first magnetization direction.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than twenty percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than ten percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than five percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein a difference in frequency between the first frequency and the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer is less than two percent of the predetermined precession frequency of the free magnetic layer.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the first direct current value is zero.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the first direct current value is different than zero.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the magnitude of the second direct current value is greater than the magnitude the first direct current value while the sign is the same. 